### Abugida
Hindi is written phonetically from left to right. It has 10 vowels and 35 consonants, as well as several compound characters. As devanagari is an abugida, all consonants inherently have a vowel. When one is not written, the vowel defaults to "a/अ"
Four example characters are:
| म | ma |
| --- | --------------------------------------------- |
| र | ra |
| अ | a |
| क | ka (voiceless unaspirated, like "k" in "ski") |
To elongate the vowel, we can add a vertical stroke on the right side of the character:
| मा | maa |
| --- | --- |
| रा | raa |
| आ | aa |
| का | kaa |
At the end of the word, a character without that vertical stroke is read as a consonant sound without the vowel:
| मार | maar |
| --- | ---- |
| राम | raam |
| आर | aar |
| काम | kaam |
In other contexts, to indicate just the consonant sound, add the virama diacritic to the character
| क् | k |
| --- | --- |
#### Vowels
| Independant Form | Diacratic Form on प | IAST | IPA |
| ---------------- | ------------------- | ---- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| अ | प | a | [[ɐ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel "Near-open central vowel")] |
| इ | पि | i | [[ɪ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel "Near-close near-front unrounded vowel")] |
| उ | पु | u | [[ʊ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel "Near-close near-back rounded vowel")] |
| ऋ | पृ | ṛ | [ri] |
| ए | पे | e | [[eː](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel "Close-mid front unrounded vowel")] |
| ओ | पो | o | [[oː](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel "Close-mid back rounded vowel")] |
| | पं | ṃ | |
| | पॅ | | [[æ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel "Near-open front unrounded vowel")] |
| आ | पा | ā | [[aː](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel "Open central unrounded vowel")] |
| ई | पी | ī | [[iː](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel "Close front unrounded vowel")] |
| ऊ | पू | ū | [[uː](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel "Close back rounded vowel")] |
| ऐ | पै | ai | [ɛː] |
| औ | पौ | au | [ɔː] |
| | पः | ḥ | [[h](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative "Voiceless glottal fricative")] |
| | पॉ | | [[ɒ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel "Open back rounded vowel")] |
#### Consonants
###### Unvoiced
| Letter | IAST | IPA |
| ------ | ---- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| क | ka | [[k](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive "Voiceless velar plosive")] |
| च | ca | [[tʃ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate "Voiceless postalveolar affricate")] |
| ट | ṭa | [[ʈ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive "Voiceless retroflex plosive")] |
| त | ta | [[t̪](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive "Voiceless dental plosive")] |
| प | pa | [[p](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive "Voiceless bilabial plosive")] |
| ख | kha | [[kʰ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonant "Aspirated consonant")] |
| छ | cha | [tʃʰ] |
| ठ | ṭha | [ʈʰ] |
| थ | tha | [t̪ʰ] |
| फ | pha | [pʰ] |
| श | śa | [[ʃ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative "Voiceless postalveolar fricative")] |
| ष | ṣa | [[ʂ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative "Voiceless retroflex fricative")] |
| स | sa | [[s](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative "Voiceless alveolar fricative")] |
###### Voiced
| Letter | IAST | IPA |
| ------ | ---- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| ग | ga | [[ɡ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive "Voiced velar plosive")] |
| ज | ja | [[dʒ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate "Voiced postalveolar affricate")] |
| ड | ḍa | [[ɖ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive "Voiced retroflex plosive")] |
| द | da | [[d̪](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive "Voiced dental plosive")] |
| ब | ba | [[b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive "Voiced bilabial plosive")] |
| घ | gha | [[ɡʱ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathy_voice "Breathy voice")] |
| झ | jha | [dʒʱ] |
| ढ | ḍha | [ɖʱ] |
| ध | dha | [d̪ʱ] |
| भ | bha | [bʱ] |
| ण | ṇa | [[ɳ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal "Voiced retroflex nasal")] |
| न | na | [[n](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal "Voiced alveolar nasal")] |
| म | ma | [[m](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal "Voiced bilabial nasal")] |
| य | ya | [[j](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant "Voiced palatal approximant")] |
| र | ra | [[r](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill "Voiced alveolar trill")] |
| ल | la | [[l](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant "Voiced alveolar lateral approximant")] |
| व | va | [[ʋ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant "Voiced labiodental approximant")] |
| ह | ha | [[ɦ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative "Voiced glottal fricative")] |
###### Nuqtā
| Letter | With nuqta | IPA |
| ------ | ------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| क, ka | क़, qa | [[q](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive "Voiceless uvular plosive")] |
| ख, kha | ख़, k͟ha, xa | [[x](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative)] |
| ग, ga | ग़, ġa | [[ɣ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative "Voiced velar fricative")] |
| ज, ja | ज़, za | [[z](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative)] |
| झ, jha | झ़, ža, zha | [[ʒ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative "Voiced postalveolar fricative")] |
| ड, ḍa | ड़, ṛa | [[ɽ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap)] |
| ढ, ḍha | ढ़, ṛha | [ɽ[ʰ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirated_consonant "Aspirated consonant")] |
| फ, pha | फ़, fa | [[f](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative)] |
#### Numerals
| 0 | ० |
| --- | --- |
| 1 | १ |
| 2 | २ |
| 3 | ३ |
| 4 | ४ |
| 5 | ५ |
| 6 | ६ |
| 7 | ७ |
| 8 | ८ |
| 9 | ९ |
#### Punctuation
The end of a sentence or half-verse may be marked with the "।" symbol (called a daṇḍa, meaning "bar", or called a pūrṇa virām, meaning "full stop/pause"). The end of a full verse may be marked with a double-daṇḍa, a "॥" symbol.
#### Irregular Devanagari ligatures
In Hindi, these are not especially widespread, but do appear in several common terms of Sanskrit origin, such as श्री (śrī) and क्षत्रिय (kṣatríya).
| First letter | Second letter | Ligature |
| ------------ | ------------- | ---------- |
| क् (k) | ष (ṣa) | क्ष (kṣa) |
| त् (t) | त (ta) | त्त (tta) |
| त् (t) | र (ra) | त्र (tra) |
| ज् (j) | ञ (ña) | ज्ञ (gya) |
| ञ् (n) | च (cha) | ञ्च (ñja) |
| द् (d | द (da) | द्द (dda) |
| द् (d) | ध (dha) | द्ध (ddha) |
| द् (d) | य (ya) | द्य (dya) |
| द् (d) | व (va) | द्व (dva) |
| श् (ś) | र (ra) | श्र (śra) |
| ह् (h) | म (ma) | ह्म (hma) |
### अदर
लड़का खा रहा है
लड़का boy
खा - eat
रहा - -ing
है - is
### Pronouns
##### Personal Pronouns
###### 1st Person
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| ------------------- | -------- | ------ |
| Nominative | मैं | हम |
| Dat./Acc. | मुझे | हमें |
| Oblique Regular | मुझ | हम |
| Oblique Ergative | मैं | हम |
| Oblique Emphatic | मुझी | हमीं |
| Oblique Genitive, M | मेरे | हमारे |
| Oblique Genitive, F | मेरी | हमारी |
###### 2nd Person
| Case | Singular (Intimate) | Plural (Familiar) | Plural (Formal) |
| ------------------- | ------------------- | ----------------- | --------------- |
| Nominative | तू | तुम | आप |
| Dat./Acc. | तुझे | तुम्हें | |
| Oblique Regular | तुझ | तुम | आप |
| Oblique Ergative | तू | तुम | आप |
| Oblique Emphatic | तुझी | तुम्हीं | |
| Oblique Genitive, M | तेरे | तुम्हारे | |
| Oblique Genitive, F | तेरी | तुम्हारी | |
###### 3rd Person Demonstrative
| Case | Singular (Prox) | Plural/Formal (Prox) | Singular (Non-Prox) | Plural/Formal (Non-Prox) |
| ---------------- | --------------- | -------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------------ |
| Nominative | यह | ये | वह | वे |
| Dat./Acc. | इसे | इन्हें | उसे | उन्हें |
| Oblique Regular | इस | इन | उस | उन |
| Oblique Ergative | इस | इन्हों | उस | उन्हों |
| Oblique Emphatic | इसी | इन्हीं | उसी | उन्हीं |
###### 3rd Person Relative
| Case | Singular | Plural/Formal |
| ---------------- | -------- | ------------- |
| Nominative | जो | जो |
| Dat./Acc. | जिसे | जिन्हें |
| Oblique Regular | जिस | जिन |
| Oblique Ergative | जिस | जिन्हों |
###### 3rd Person Interrogative
| Case | Singular | Plural/Formal |
| ---------------- | --------- | ------------- |
| Nominative | कौन, क्या | कौन, क्या |
| Dat./Acc. | किसे | किन्हें |
| Oblique Regular | किस | किन |
| Oblique Ergative | किस | किन्हों |
| Oblique Emphatic | किसी | किन्हीं |
##### Interrogative Pronouns
| English | Hindi |
| ------- | ----- |
| Who | कौन |
| Whom | किसे |
| What | क्या |
| Where | कहाँ |
| When | कब |
| Why | क्यों |
| How | कैसे |
| Whose | किसका |
| Which | कौन |
### To Be - होना
##### Non-Aspectual
| | 1st Singular | 2nd Singular | 3rd Singular | 1st Plural | 2nd Plural Informal | 2nd Plural Formal | 3rd Plural |
| ------- | ------------ | ------------ | ------------ | ---------- | ------------------- | ----------------- | ---------- |
| Present | हूँ | है | है | हैं | हो | हैं | हैं |