Grammar - EBJ

### Conjugation of Bod In colloquial Welsh, all verbs get made into a verb phrase using "to be" as the base verb that conjugates, and any additional verbs are used as a noun. Welsh Ex. dw i eisiau prynu beic English: I want to buy a bike ##### Present ###### Affirmative | 1st S | 2nd S | 3rd S | 1st P | 2nd P | 3rd P | | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | | dw | rwyt | mae | dyn | dych | maen | ###### Negative | 1st S | 2nd S | 3rd S | 1st P | 2nd P | 3rd P | | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ------ | ----- | | dw | dwyt | dyw | dydyn | dydych | dydyn | ###### Interrogative | 1st S | 2nd S | 3rd S | 1st P | 2nd P | 3rd P | | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | | ydw | wyt | yw | ydan | ydych | ydyn | ##### Imperfect ###### Affirmative | 1st S | 2nd S | 3rd S | 1st P | 2nd P | 3rd P | | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | | ro'n | r'ot | roedd | ro'n | ro'ch | ro'n | ###### Negative | 1st S | 2nd S | 3rd S | 1st P | 2nd P | 3rd P | | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | | do'n | do't | doedd | do'n | do'ch | do'n | ###### Interrogative | 1st S | 2nd S | 3rd S | 1st P | 2nd P | 3rd P | | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | | o'n | o't | oedd | o'n | o'ch | o'n | ### Past Tense using Gwneud Conjugate the verb, and then your next verb is past tense. Ex: 1. Fe wnaeth e fwyta'r frechdan / He ate the sandwich 2. Wnaeth e fwyta'r frechdan? / Did he eat the sandwich? 3. Wnaeth e ddim bwyta'r frechdan / He didn't eat the sandwich ### Pronouns ###### Personal Pronouns | | Singular | Plural | | ------ | -------- | ------ | | First | i | ni | | Second | ti | chi | | Third | e / hi | nhw | ###### Interrogative Pronouns | English | Welsh | Affirmative or Interrogative Verb | | ------- | ----- | --------------------------------- | | Who | Pwy | Interrogative | | What | Beth | Interrogative | | Where | Ble | Affimative | | When | Pryd | Affimative | | Why | Pam | Interrogative | | How | Sut | Affimative | ### Definite Articles - Y Fannod 1. Y if the word that follows begins with a consonant 2. Yr, if the word begins with a vowel or H 3. 'r if the previous word ends with a vowel ### Gender 1. Benywaidd is the Welsh word for feminine 2. Gwrywaidd is the Welsh word for masculine ### Numbers ###### 1 - 10 If gendered forms exist, masculine is listed first and the last column will be yes. Alternative forms that exist without gender are used before singular nouns, with the exception of 10, which changes form if it precedes a nasal or vowel sound. | Symbol | Cardinal | Ordinal | Ordinal Abbreviation | Gender | | ------ | -------------- | -------------------- | -------------------- | ------ | | 1 | un | cyntaf | 1af | No | | 2 | Dau, Dwy | Ail, Eilfed | 2il | Yes | | 3 | Tri, Tair | Tridydd, Tridedd | 3ydd, 3edd | Yes | | 4 | Pedwar, Pedair | Pedwerydd, Pedwaredd | 4ydd, 4edd | Yes | | 5 | Pump, Pum | Pumed | 5ed | No | | 6 | Chwech, Chwe | Chweched | 6ed | No | | 7 | Saith | Saithfed | 7fed | No | | 8 | Wyth | Wythfed | 8fed | No | | 9 | Naw | Nawfed | 9fed | No | | 10 | Deg, Deng | Degfed | 10fed | No | ### Date & Time ###### Months | English | Welsh | | --------- | -------------- | | January | Mis Ionawr | | February | Mis Chwefror | | March | Mis Mawrth | | April | Mis Ebrill | | May | Mis Mai | | June | Mis Mehefin | | July | Mis Gorffennaf | | August | Mis Awst | | September | Mis Medi | | October | Mis Hydref | | November | Mis Tachwedd | | December | Mis Rhagfyr | ###### Seasons | English | Welsh | | ------- | ------- | | Spring | Gwanwyn | | Summer | Haf | | Autumn | Hydref | | Winter | Gaeaf | ###### Days of the Week | English | Welsh | | --------- | ------------ | | Monday | Dydd Llun | | Tuesday | Dydd Mawrth | | Wednesday | Dydd Mercher | | Thursday | Dydd Iau | | Friday | Dydd Gwener | | Saturday | Dydd Sadwrn | | Sunday | Dydd Sul | ### Mutation - Y Treigliadau ###### Types of Mutation 1. Soft 2. Nasal 3. Aspirate ###### Letters Affected | Radical | Soft | Nasal | Aspirate | | ------- | ---- | ----- | -------- | | p | b | mh | ph | | b | f | m | | | m | f | | | | t | d | nh | th | | d | dd | n | | | ll | l | | | | rh | r | | | | c | g | ngh | ch | | g | ∅ | ng | | | ts | j | | | ##### Soft Mutation - Y Treiglad Meddal ###### Articles The definite article y / yr / ’r triggers soft mutation of a feminine noun or adjective in the singular: 1. y gyllell - the knife 2. yr ardd - the garden For nouns, ll and rh never undergo soft mutation after the article, but they do in adjectives 1. Y lliw - the color ###### Pronouns Nouns undergo soft mutation after pa (which?), sut (what kind of?), and ychydig (a little/few): 1. Pa ddewis sydd gan ddyn? - What choice does a person have? 2. Sut fagwraeth gâi fy wyrion i? -What kind of upbringing would my grandchildren have? 3. ychydig gariad (“a little love”) The possessive pronouns of the 2nd person singular (dy, ’th) and 3d person masculine singular (ei, ’i, ’w) trigger soft mutation: 1. dy dad - your (sg.) father 2. a’th wallt - and your (sg.) hair 3. ei grys - his shirt 4. a’i bobl - and his people 5. i’w berswadio - to persuade him ###### Particles The predicate particle yn triggers soft mutation of a true noun or adjective, except ll and rh. This does not apply to verb-nouns, as "yn" in this case is a progressive particle. 1. Rwy’n ddyn rhesymol - I am a reasonable man 2. Roedd y caffi’n wag - The café was empty 3. byddai’n rhaid - it would be necessary 4. Yr oeddem ninnau’r plant yn llygaid ac yn glustiau i gyd - We children were all eyes and ears Certain particles trigger soft mutation 1. A 2. Beth 3. Fe 4. Mi ###### Prepositions The following prepositions trigger soft mutation 1. am - for 2. ar - on 3. at - toward 4. dan - under 5. dros - over 6. drwy - through 7. gan - by 8. heb - without 9. hyd - until 10. o - from 11. i - to 12. wrth - at ###### Adjectives Attributive adjectives after a feminine singular noun. Exception: d does not mutate to dd after s, e.g. nos da (“goodnight”) 1. rhaglen ddiddorol (“an interesting program”) 2. cyfer fer flasus (“a short, interesting series”) Attributive adjectives after a proper name when used as an epithet. There are many exceptions to this rule, e.g. Rhodri Mawr (“Rhodri the Great”) 1. Arthur Fawr (“Arthur the Great”) ###### Adverbs The following adverbs trigger soft mutation, except there is no soft mutation of ll and rh after cyn (as), mor (so) and pur (quite): 1. Cyn 2. Mor 3. Po 4. Go 5. Hollol 6. Rhy 7. Pur ###### Verbs The verb form sydd triggers soft mutation of a predicate noun or adjective: 1. hynny sydd orau - that is best Forms of bod (“to be”) starting with b- after a stylistically fronted predicate 1. Crwydryn fu Gwilym (“William was a wanderer”) 2. Ofer fai ceisio... (“It would be vain to try...”) Verbs expressing an opinion or belief used parenthetically 1. Ŷn ni’n cerdded i gyfeiriad y dwyrain, debyga i (“We’re walking eastward, I believe”) A verb at the beginning of a question or negated sentence (colloquial language). Negated sentences take the mixed mutation, so p, t, c undergo aspirate mutation, not soft mutation, here. In questions, all mutable consonants undergo soft mutation. 1. Ddoi di acw i swper? (“Will you come here for supper?”) 2. Wnes i ddim byd na ddylwn i (“I did not do anything I ought not to have done”) ###### Conjunctions Some conjunctions trigger soft mutation 1. Neu 2. Ynteu 3. Pan ###### Numbers Un triggers soft mutation of feminine nouns only are mutated after un (one/same), but in nouns ll and rh are not (though they are in adjectives): 1. un ferch - one girl 2. un llaw - one hand 3. un ryfedd - a strange one (referring to a feminine singular noun) After dau/dwy (two) and ail (second), both feminine and masculine nouns are mutated: 1. dau frawd - two brothers 2. dwy ferch - two girls 3. yr ail blentyn - the second child 4. ei ail wraig - his second wife After other ordinal numbers, only feminine nouns are mutated: 1. y drydedd ferch - the third girl 2. y bedwaredd bennod - the fourth chapter 3. y bumed waith - the fifth time Numbers following a plural noun for literary effect 1. brodyr dri (“brothers three”) ###### Nouns If a noun comes after the adjective, it undergoes soft mutation, with the exception of cyntaf (first) 1. hen le - old place 3. rhyw brynhawn - some afternoon 3. Mae’r naill genhedlaeth yn dilyn y llall - one generation follows the other 4. y cyntaf peth - the first thing Nouns in a genitive construction after a feminine singular noun. This rule is applied sporadically in the case of proper names, and Gŵyl Dewi is also found. 1. côt law (“raincoat”) (from glaw (“rain”)) 2. ffon gerdded (“walking stick”) (from cerdded (“to walk”)) 3. siop lyfrau (“bookshop”) (from llyfrau (“books”) 4. potel beint (“pint bottle”) 5. Gŵyl Ddewi (“St. David’s Day”) A noun in apposition to a noun or pronoun 1. ni blant (“we children”) 2. Ioan Fedyddiwr (“John the Baptist”) (from bedyddiwr) 3. yr Arglwydd Dduw (“the Lord God”) Nouns in the vocative 1. Darllenwch hwnna, gyfaill (“Read that, friend”) Direct objects immediately following an inflected verb, i.e. a verb that is not in noun form 1. Gwnes i frecwast heddiw - I made breakfast today ###### Miscellaneous When un means “similar” it triggers soft mutation of both masculine and feminine nouns in the singular: 1. o’r un feddwl - of a similar mind; meddwl is masculine 2. yr un gath - the same cat The second part of a compound, except there is no soft mutation of ll and rh after n and r: 1. hafddydd (“summer’s day”) 2. hwylbren (“mast”, literally “sail-tree”) 3. gwinllan (“vineyard”, literally “wine-yard"”) The direct object of a finite verb, including wele (“behold”), dyma (“here is”), dyna (“there is”) 1. dyma fwrdd (“here is a table”) 2. Codais goler fy nghôt (“I raised the collar of my coat”) 3. Cafodd e lwyddiant nodedig (“He had a notable success”) The equative used exclamatorily 1. Fyrred yw bywyd! (“How short life is!”) Various nouns and adjectives used adverbially 1. Mae hi’n aros gyda ni fynychaf. (“She stays with us usually (most frequently)”) 2. Nid yw ef gartref lawer (“He’s not home much”) 3. Mae e’n galw yma bob dydd (“He calls here every day”) 4. Ddim o gwbl! (“Not at all!”) 5. Ymwelodd droeon â Gwenfô (“He visited Wenvoe many times”) 6. ddeunaw mis yn ôl (“eighteen months ago”) 7. gwych ryfeddol (“amazingly splendid”) A word after an interpolated prepositional phrase (including a conjugated preposition) or adverb 1. Mae yn yr ardd gi (“There is in the garden a dog”) 2. Gwyddo iddo gael ei eni yn gymharol olygus (“He knew that he had been born fairly good-looking”) ##### Nasal Mutation - Y Treiglad Trwynol ##### Aspirate Mutation - Y Treiglad Llaes ##### Mixed Mutation - Y Treiglad Cymysg 1. Ni 2. Na 3. Oni ### Variable Gender Nouns | Word | North | South | | ------ | ----- | ----- | | Tafarn | F | M |